Abstract

The increasing global demand for sustainable aviation fuels has prompted exploration of alternative bi oenergy sources to cut greenhouse gas emissions. As a by-product generated in high volumes from palm oil processing, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) presents opportunities as a sustainable, low-emission fuel thanks to its high levels of organic matter. Through a qualitative lens, this literature review evaluates POME’s potential as a green aviation fuel, considering technological, environmental, and economic di mensions. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, relevant peer-reviewed articles, reports, and policy documents were systematically collected through academic databases and institutional repositories. Data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns, challenges, and opportunities in POME valorization for aviation fuel production. Evidence suggests that both biochemical and thermochemical techniques, par ticularly anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction, are effective in converting POME into biofu els that align with aviation standards and produce notably fewer greenhouse gas emissions than traditional fossil fuels. Economic assessments suggest competitive production costs, especially when integrated with existing palm oil mill infrastructure. However, barriers including feedstock variability, process scalabil ity, and regulatory frameworks remain critical for commercialization. In conclusion, POME represents a valuable, sustainable resource that aligns with circular economy principles and global decarboniza tion goals in aviation. Future research should focus on pilot-scale demonstrations, lifecycle sustainabil ity assessments, and policy development to support broader adoption. This study contributes a compre hensive synthesis of current knowledge, guiding stakeholders in advancing POME-based aviation fuels.

doi.org/10.63721/25JSEA0104

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